Fouling, or the accumulation of contaminants on the membrane surface, is the "Achilles' heel" of these systems, requiring robust pre-treatment (e.g., UF, chlorination, pH adjustment).
Uses dense, high-pressure membranes to reject almost all dissolved salts (monovalent/divalent), organic compounds, and microorganisms (>99% rejection). It is the standard for seawater/brackish water desalination. Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) are advanced, pressure-driven membrane technologies crucial for water purification, desalination, and industrial separation. Both operate by applying pressure to overcome natural osmotic pressure, pushing water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane while rejecting impurities. Fouling, or the accumulation of contaminants on the
Modern membranes utilize thin-film composite (TFC) structures, with emerging materials like graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and biomimetic materials showing promise for higher permeability and chemical resistance. Primary Applications requiring robust pre-treatment (e.g.