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Because HOAs are private corporations, they are often not bound by the same constitutional restrictions as public governments, leading to stringent rules that can infringe on individual expression and property rights.
McKenzie argues that these developments foster a "culture of nonparticipation" and diminish residents' sense of responsibility for the broader public city, potentially deepening social and economic segregation. Historical and Academic Context PrivateTopia.rar
Evan McKenzie examines the rapid growth of Common Interest Developments (CIDs)—such as homeowner associations (HOAs), condominiums, and gated communities—and their transformation into a form of . His primary arguments include: Because HOAs are private corporations, they are often
