: The focus has shifted toward protecting individuals from hunger, disease, and repression, rather than just protecting borders.
Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition of security beyond military force, a process often called "widening" (new sectors) and "deepening" (new levels). International and Security Studies Internationa...
: Research primarily centered on the state as the main actor and the preservation of national sovereignty. : The focus has shifted toward protecting individuals
: Core topics included nuclear deterrence, bipolarity, and conventional military threats. DEVELOPMENT AND CONTENDING APPROACHES Historically
: Post-colonial and gender-based studies challenge the "Eurocentric" history of the field and highlight the security needs of the Global South. ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTENDING APPROACHES
Historically, the field was dominated by during the Cold War.