Includes stages like (hollow ball of cells) and Gastrula (formation of germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm). Genetics Basics : Genotype : The genetic makeup.

For students and educators using the textbook by A.V. Teremov, R.A. Petrosova, and A.I. Nikishov , Chapter 3 typically focuses on the Organismal Level of Organization of Life . Based on educational resources like Infourok , Core Topics in Chapter 3

Chapter 3 shifts the focus from individual cells to how cells work together in complex organisms. Key themes include:

: The stages of development from zygote to adult, including embryonic and post-embryonic periods.

Asexual : Involves one parent; offspring are genetically identical (clones). Types include budding, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction.

Mitosis : Results in two identical diploid cells (used for growth and repair).